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Theological Encyclopaedia 



THEOLOGICAL 
ENCYCLOPEDIA 



A IBrtef Arrnuttt of tljf Organism atti> 
IGttfratur* of QUjeologg 

By . 
HENRY C. SHELDON, 

Professor in Boston University 



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JENNINGS AND GRAHAM 

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COPYRIGHT, I9II, BY 
JENNINGS AND GRAHAM 



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PREFACE 

%0& %0* t&^ 

Experience of the difficulty of employing an 
elaborate treatise on Theological Encyclopae- 
dia in class work led the writer about ten 
years ago to prepare, for private use, a brief 
sketch of the organism of theology. A second 
ground for limitation to the brief sketch was 
the conviction that the treatment of the sub- 
ject-matter of the various branches of theology 
ought to be left to the several departments of 
theological instruction; that, indeed, so far as 
class work is concerned, an attempt to antici- 
pate, with outlines of subject-matter, the fuller 
exposition which belongs to the departments 
is very much of a superfluity and involves be- 
sides some risk of blunting the edge of inter- 
est in the mind of the student. The extended 
work in Theological Encyclopaedia is doubt- 
less capable of fulfilling a useful function, but 
it fulfills that function best when employed 

5 



PREFACE 

(after a preliminary perusal) as a book of 
reference. 

The student who is connected with a mil- 
equipped school of theology may be supposed 
to have at command suitable means of gu T d- 
ance in the great field of theological study. 
To one who is deprived of the benefit of such 
connection some practical suggestions may be 
serviceable. Even on reading a brief treatue, 
like that which follows, with its catalogue of 
theological branches and its appended bock- 
lists, some sense of bewilderment may over- 
take him. Having in mind, then, the neejs 
of the student who is left very largely to his 
own resources, we make bold to offer this list 
of advices : ( I ) In the first stage of theolog- 
ical study a preponderant attention may prop- 
erly be given to the Biblical branches. Every 
student needs to familiarize himself with a 
good book on Introduction to each Testa- 
ment. Every student needs also to familiarize 
himself with a good book on the Biblical The- 
ology of the Old Testament and the New 
Testament respectively. When the debt to 
these two classes of works has been paid the 
detailed exegetical study of some of the Bib- 
lical books most vitally related to the Chris- 
tian faith may follow. (2) In making choice 

6 



PREFACE 

of books, especially In the field of Biblical 
study, it is a matter of prudence to begin 
with those which do not stand at the extreme, 
whether of conservatism or of liberalism. 
There is a just presumption that the scholar- 
ship of the past has achieved something worth 
while, and that some deference is due to the 
consensus, or the approximation to a con- 
sensus, which it may have wrought out. On 
the other hand, there is a just presumption 
that scholarly industry through the ages must 
be able to lay hold upon some new data and 
gain some improved points of view. Putting 
the two presumptions together, we are driven 
to the conclusion that the student in the pri- 
mary stage simply shows reasonable discretion 
in giving the preference to books which escape 
either extreme. Of course the one who gives 
himself to extensive investigation, and aims at 
mastership in a given department, may prop- 
erly feel that the burden is upon him not to 
pass by any order of books which promises 
even a small addition to information and in- 
sight. Quite obviously, however, what is in- 
cumbent upon the expert is not a rule for 
the one who is at the beginning of the ways. 
(3) The above principle of selection may be 
applied with eminent propriety to the choice 



PREFACE 

of a Dictionary of the Bible — a handy instru- 
mentality which the earnest student can not 
fail to appreciate. (4) In the department of 
Historical Theology the student will find it 
of advantage to have under his hand a treatise 
on Church History which is neither so con- 
densed as to be arid nor so extensive as to 
be wearisome. After utilizing a work of this 
description he will find historical monographs, 
or books devoted to particular themes, exceed- 
ingly fruitful of interest and profit. (5) In 
preparation for the study of Systematic The- 
ology, or as an accompaniment of such study, 
the faithful use of a well-constructed book on 
the History of Christian Doctrine is of first- 
class importance. Nothing affords a better 
safeguard against precipitancy and onesided- 
ness in theology than a thorough review of 
the effort at doctrinal construction through 
the centuries. (6) The student will proceed 
wisely in giving good heed to the demand for 
proportion in his attention to the branches be- 
longing to Practical Theology. The time has 
not gone by when it will do to be at all lax 
in seizing every means of pulpit efficiency. 
But the time has gone by when the shepherd 
of souls can be excused from studying and 
applying the most eligible plans for leading 

8 



PREFACE 

childhood and youth into the ways of religion. 
The time has also gone by when the themes 
of world-evangelization and of social amel- 
ioration can be reckoned outside the pale of 
pastoral interest. (7) The selection of books 
for study or perusal is much too vital a mat- 
ter to be treated in a haphazard or easy-going 
fashion. The student needs and is entitled to 
ask advice from the best available sources. 
He should feel free, yea under obligation to 
himself and to the Church, to make full in- 
quiry. Among those to whom inquiries may 
properly be addressed are the professors in 
the theological schools. We have no license 
to speak for the professors, but we surmise 
that they esteem it a part of their vocation 
to give careful and kindly heed to all inquiries 
concerning books, and especially concerning 
books that belong to their respective depart- 
ments of instruction. 

Boston University, January, iqii. 



CONTENTS. 

{^* ^* s^* 

Chapter Page 

I. Consideration of Terms, - - - - 15 

II. Questions of Classification or Distribu- 
tion, 24 

iii. exegetical theology, - - - - 29 

IV. Historical Theology, 38 

V. Systematic Theology, - - - -44 

VI. Practical Theology, .... 50 

! Literature, 57 



Theological Encyclopedia 



CHAPTER I 

Consideration of Terms 

The term ' 'Encyclopaedia" is significant of a 
comprehensive summary of knowledge. "The- 
ological Encyclopdaedia" is therefore naturally 
understood to mean a comprehensive summary 
of theological knowledge. In the unrestricted 
sense the title means just that. But it is pos- 
sible to distinguish between matter and form, 
and to construct an encyclopaedia which de- 
votes a principal, not to say an exclusive at- 
tention to the latter. A Theological Ency- 
clopaedia devised on this plan, instead of giving 
an epitome of the subject-matter of theology, 
would be content to discriminate the various 
branches of theological study, to describe their 
scope and function, and to indicate their mu- 
tual relations. The accomplishment of this 
task of discrimination and description might 
indeed involve some reference to subject-mat- 

15 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 

ter, but the reference would be brief and inci- 
dental. 

It is with Theological Encyclopaedia in this 
formal signification that we have to deal. We 
understand thereby such a general introduc- 
tion to theology as undertakes to set forth in 
order the various branches of theological 
study, to define their function and scope, and 
to indicate their proper relations to one an- 
other. 

In order to avoid ambiguity it is necessary 
to determine in what sense the term "the- 
ological," as used in the title, is to be under- 
stood. Various questions may be asked re- 
specting the scope of theology. For instance, 
the question may be raised whether "natural 
theology" so-called — that is, the body of con- 
clusions, having more or less of a theological 
significance, which may be derived from an 
examination of the works of God in nature — 
is to be included. To this inquiry an affirma- 
tive answer is undoubtedly to be given, in so 
far as the presumption is admitted that the 
facts of the natural world have any bearing 
upon theological questions. Anything that 
throws light upon those questions, or comes 
into distinct relation with them, falls within 
the province of theology. It does not follow, 

16 



CONSIDERATION OF TERMS 

however, that a complete circle of theological 
studies must include a branch set off by itself 
under the name of Natural Theology. It may 
be that all the subject-matter which that title 
is made to cover can be taken up with entire 
convenience and propriety in the universally 
recognized branches, such as Apologetics and 
Dogmatics. In our view this is the case. 
While it may be worth while that books 
should be written on the theme of natural 
theology, just as it may be worth while to 
award a monographic treatment to many 
minor divisions of the great field of theology, 
there is only moderate ground for rating nat- 
ural theology as a distinct theological disci- 
pline. 

A second question on the scope of the term 
theology relates to the disposition of the non- 
Christian religions. How far, if at all, is 
the ground which they cover to be regarded 
as included in the theological domain? Evi- 
dently it is needful to impose here very con- 
siderable restrictions. However the matter 
may appear to a non-Christian thinker, the 
Christian theologian can but regard the Chris- 
tian religion as ultimate. It is appropriate 
therefore to his point of view to give a sec- 
ondary consideration to the non-Christian re- 

17 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

Hgions. He needs to draw upon them only 
as they have affected the history of his own 
religion, or as they furnish materials illustra- 
tive or corroborative of one or another ele- 
ment which claims recognition in his own re- 
ligious system. He treats them in a manner 
consistent with his own standpoint when he 
simply accords them a place in branches aux- 
iliary to the main divisions of Christian the- 
ology. In so far as they have modified Chris- 
tian history they make matter for a branch 
auxiliary to Historical Theology. In so far 
as they supply data for a philosophy of re- 
ligion they help to constitute a branch auxil- 
iary to Systematic Theology. In so far as 
the}' serve to illustrate the superiority of 
Christianity, and thus are adapted to minister 
to its defense, their study can be rated as aux- 
iliary to Apologetics. 

A third question relative to the province of 
theology concerns its relation to philosophy. 
The latter may be defined as an attempt to 
get at ultimate truth by rational processes. 
Theology on its constructive side attempts, 
within limits, the same thing. It attempts to 
get at ultimate truth, in so far as that truth 
has religious worth or significence. Theology 
may enter upon its task with a more positive 

18 



CONSIDERATION OF TERMS 

presumption in favor of the authority of writ- 
ten revelation than belongs to the philosoph- 
ical starting-point. Still theology is not obli- 
gated to treat that presumption as a mere mat- 
ter of course. On the contrary it has occa- 
sion to treat it as a subject for rational in- 
spection and confirmation. In connection 
with any great doctrinal theme it is interested 
to review all the available data, those of ra- 
tional thinking included. It follows, there- 
fore, that philosophical method must serve as 
an important instrumentality of theology. 
The theologian in the proper execution of his 
task must philosophize. A good discretion 
may make him wary about tying himself 
closely to any one historic system or school of 
philosophy; but he will not rate lightly the 
demand to utilize the best fruits of the philo- 
sophical thinking of the past centuries. It is 
not to be overlooked, however, that recourse 
to philosophical method and to philosophical 
data does not necessarily imply that a distinct 
standing is to be given to philosophy within 
the group of theological studies. It strikes us 
that the debt is paid to this branch when, on 
the one hand, the best approved substance of 
philosophy is wrought into the texture of Dog- 
matics, and on the other hand the History of 

19 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 

Philosophy is given a prominent place among 
the studies auxiliary to the History of Chris- 
tian Doctrine. 

Questions might also be raised as to whether 
it comes within the scope of theology to take 
account of one or another science. It will be 
enough to state here two maxims which must 
shape the answer to this order of questions: 
( i ) Theology is entitled and obligated to 
make use of any sort of subject-matter that 
throws light upon any of its themes. (2) It 
is not best to overcrowd the list of theological 
studies by giving a distinct place in that list 
to any branches which are not to a very notice- 
able degree implicated with matters religious 
or theological. 

Advancing to a positive statement, we may 
say that theology in the Christian sense is the 
science of the Christian religion, and as such 
includes in its scope all the branches which 
serve for the exposition of the Christian re- 
ligion, as respects its oracles, its history, its 
doctrinal content, and the leading applications 
of its principles to life. In addition to the 
branches which come clearly within its limits 
it may admit, under the category of auxilia- 
ries, a few whose subject-matter has an obvi- 

20 



CONSIDERATION OF TERMS 

ous connection with religious facts and prob- 
lems. 1 

To speak, as we have just done, of theology 
as a science may not be quite in keeping with 
judgments which have sometimes been ren- 
dered. It is nevertheless a perfectly warrant- 
able way of speaking. One or another system 
of theology, as actually developed, may have 
slight claim to be regarded as scientific. But 
the subject-matter of theology is just as ca- 
pable of orderly representation as is any other 
subject-matter; it also furnishes grounds for 
just as reliable inductions as does the subject- 
matter of most of the sciences. One who is 
free to speak of the science of geology, or 
biology, or medicine should have no hesitation 
to speak of the science of theology. In any 
one of these sciences the subject-matter shades 
off into the mysterious; but the implication 



1 As respects the meaning of religion in general, it is to be 
observed that it has both a subjective and an objective aspect. 
On the one hand it denotes man's disposition to believe in the 
existence of a higher power, his feeling of dependence upon 
and obligation toward that power, and his impulse to worship 
the same. On the other hand it denotes the rites, institutions, 
and doctrines which give expression to the native tendency to 
believe, to the sense of dependence and obligation, and to the 
impulse to worship. Into its realization in any worthy degree 
the whole nature of man enters — his feeling, his will, and his 
intellect. 

21 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

with mystery does not nullify the title to a 
scientific character. It is largely characteris- 
tic of the sciences that, alongside a domain of 
certainty, they include areas which can claim 
at best only a high degree of probability. 

As dealing with a subject-matter objectively 
furnished, theology ranks as a positive science. 
This characteristic, however, does not place it 
in contrast with other branches of knowledge, 
except pure mathematics. Sometimes an an- 
tithesis has been drawn between theology and 
philosophy, as though the one belonged to the 
positive and the other to the speculative order. 
But surely it is only a limited contrast which 
can be affirmed here. A philosophy which 
takes no serious account of the actual world 
and of actual human history, which attempts 
to build up a system of truth out of sheer no- 
tions, is not likely to be worth much. Gener- 
ally speaking the positive and the speculative 
are interwoven in the branches of human 
knowledge. Even the physical sciences have 
their working hypotheses, that is speculative 
elements conjoined with the objectively fur- 
nished matter. In pure mathematics alone 
(including purely formal logic as being con- 
formed to mathematical principles), where 
only ideal quantities come into the account, 

22 



CONSIDERATION OF TERMS 

is the whole subject-matter drawn out from 
pure mental conceptions. 

Theology evidently constitutes a study of 
vast extent and profound interest. The facts 
and truths with which it more directly deals 
are the deepest in man's being and the highest 
above the human plane. It utilizes the most 
significant findings of a large proportion of 
the branches of learning. It takes into con- 
sideration the greatest treasures of past his- 
tory, and gathers up the data for the farthest 
possible outlook into future destiny. It gives 
ample room for speculative acumen, but at the 
same time includes the themes that are of all 
the most intensely practical. For a combina- 
tion of intellectual interests and heart inter- 
ests there is no study that surpasses theology. 



23 



CHAPTER II 

Questions of Classification or 
Distribution 

In the execution of its task of distributing the 
subject-matter of the great field which it sur- 
veys, Theological Encyclopaedia encounters 
certain difficulties. Obviously the distribu- 
tion ought to be according to a simple, com- 
prehensive, and self-consistent scheme. It re- 
quires, however, not a little thought to de- 
termine what scheme best answers to this de- 
scription. Various questions, for example, 
may be raised as to the proper order of the- 
ological branches. Concerning several of 
them an inquiry may be propounded as to 
which is antecedent and which consequent. 
If on the one hand archaeology prepares the 
way for successful Biblical study, on the other 
hand Biblical study is to a large extent just 
that which furnishes the materials of archae- 
ology. If on the one hand a grasp of his- 

24 



QUESTIONS 

tory facilitates exegesis, on the other exegesis 
is needed to gain trustworthy matter for his- 
tory. If on the one hand the student who 
sets out to interpret the Bible needs to be 
guided by hermeneutical maxims, on the other 
a knowledge of the real nature of the Bible 
seems to be a necessary antecedent to the form- 
ing of hermeneutical maxims. If on the one 
hand one needs to be assured in general of the 
truth of the Christian system before he un- 
dertakes to represent that system, and so has 
occasion to preface dogmatics with apologetics, 
on the other hand the detailed study of the 
Christian system seems to be a needed prepa- 
ration for its best defense, and so to require 
that dogmatics should precede apologetics. In- 
stances like these may serve to apprise us that 
arrangement is in part dependent upon some- 
thing else than intrinsic relationships, namely, 
upon the relative point of view. Which of 
two branches shall be made subordinate to the 
other depends often upon the end immediately 
contemplated. For example, if exegesis or 
detailed interpretation is the end in view, then 
history, so far as it is capable of assisting the 
process of interpretation, is subordinate to exe- 
gesis. On the contrary, if history is the end 
in view, then exegesis, so far as it furnishes 

25 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

grounds for historical judgments, is subordi- 
nated to history. This is not saying that a 
sufficient warrant may not be found in in- 
trinsic relationships for making some branches 
antecedent to others. The proper conclusion 
is that the relative point of view must be ad- 
mitted as an appreciable factor in the deter- 
mination of the order of various branches. 
On some of the minor points of arrangement 
there are no very decisive grounds of decision. 
As respects main divisions it is difficult to 
improve on the fourfold scheme advocated by 
Hagenbach and others, according to which 
the theological domain is divided between Ex- 
egetical Theology, Historical Theology, Sys- 
tematic Theology, and Practical Theology. 
The choice, it seems to us, lies between this 
scheme and the moderately different one of 
Heinrici. In the latter a general distinction 
is made between "historical" and "normative" 
branches, the former being made to cover the 
specifically Biblical branches as well as the his- 
tory of Christianity since Biblical times, and 
the latter including as principal subdivisions 
Systematic Theology and Practical Theology. 
The idea of the historical branches is to ex- 
hibit the whole deposit of religious truth and 
fact; the idea of the normative branches is to 
- 26 



QUESTIONS 

afford means of guidance in religious teaching 
and work. The scheme of Wernle may be 
regarded as being in substantial accord with 
that of Heinrici, since he recognizes but three 
grand divisions, the Historical, the Systematic, 
and the Practical, and includes the Biblical 
studies under the first of these. In point of 
simplicity and logical consistency something 
can be said for this plan. Still it is open to 
the objection that it does not directly empha- 
size the distinctive place which belongs to the 
Bible as a pre-eminent source of Christian 
teaching. On the whole, we do not find suf- 
ficient ground for exchanging the scheme of 
Hagenbach for the competing scheme. 

Some recent writers have thought it appro- 
priate to style the first grand division the Bib- 
lical rather than the Exegetical. This termi- 
nology affords a certain advantage in disposing 
of such branches as Biblical History and Bib- 
lical Theology. It enables one to place them 
with other purely Biblical branches in a com- 
mon division. But this gain is just about 
counterbalanced. If one department is 
rounded out another is curtailed. Why should 
Historical Theology be excluded from the 
Biblical domain? Surely the term in itself 
suggests no exclusive attention to the Chris- 

27 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 

tian as opposed to the Jewish Church. It 
seems just as well, therefore, to retain the 
term exegetical, and to let the two branches 
in question find a place in the historical de- 
partment under the denomination of historical 
branches specifically prepared for by exeget- 
ical study. Should one prefer the term "Bib- 
lical" to designate the first main division, he 
would of course need to avoid conjoining it 
with "theology" in that relation, since other- 
wise he would have occasion to put a double 
sense into the term "Biblical Theology." 



23 



CHAPTER III 

EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 

Since the Bible affords the starting-point for 
a consideration of the history of Christianity, 
the fundamental basis for doctrinal construc- 
tion, and the principles which ought to govern 
practical religious endeavor, an understanding 
of the contents of the Bible appears as the pri- 
mary demand of theology. Hence Exegetical 
Theology, the object of which is to secure this 
understanding, has an excellent title to be 
ranked as the first main division of theological 
science. By the general consent of theologians 
this division is made to include, besides exe- 
gesis proper, a number of branches which 
serve as aids in the work of interpretation. 

A measurably complete list of the several 
parts of Exegetical Theology may be made as 
follows : ( i ) Biblical Philology or Linguis- 
tics. (2) Biblical Archaeology. (3) Canon- 
ics. (4) Biblical Criticism; (a) textual, (b) 

29 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

literary and historical. (5) Biblical Intro- 
duction or Isagogics. (6) Hermeneutics. 
(7) Exegesis, or the detailed interpretation of 
the Scriptures. Respecting these branches it 
is not claimed that they represent in every in- 
stance an exclusive province of study, but only 
that they have fairly determinate outlines, 
though two or more of them may include 
some common territory. 

1. Biblical Philology stands for the study of 
the Biblical languages. In the broader sense 
it includes also the languages so far cognate 
with the Biblical as to be able to make a dis- 
tinct contribution to the understanding and 
appreciation of the peculiarities of the same. 
Whatever may be requisite for the ordinary 
pastor and teacher, it is strictly necessary for 
the competent Old Testament exegete to be 
well versed in Hebrew and Aramaic, and it 
is desirable that he should have furthermore 
a good introduction to other Semitic tongues. 
As for the New Testament exegete, while he 
must be at home in the Greek language, it is 
by no means a matter of indifference whether 
he has a mastery of the original languages of 
the Old Testament. In New Testament 
Greek there is a Semitic undertone. "Many 
grammatical forms, modes of speech, and ex- 

30 



EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 

pressions of the New Testament are capable 
of being understood only by one who is ac- 
quainted with the peculiarities of the Semitic 
languages" (Rabiger, Encyclopaedia of The- 
ology, II, 33), So important a part of the 
New Testament oracles as the discourses of 
Jesus is implicated with a Semitic tongue ; for, 
though reported in Greek, these discourses 
were spoken in Aramaic, and a probable con- 
jecture as to the original form may evidently 
serve a good purpose in connection with one 
and another phrase or sentence. 

2. Biblical Archaeology is the science of 
Biblical antiquities. As the term has com- 
monly been employed, archaeology stands in 
contrast with history proper as being more 
occupied with products than with processes. 
It describes the theater and sets forth the fixed 
memorials of a people's life, and thus provides 
materials for the history which gives a con- 
nected picture of the progress of a people 
through successive developments and fortunes. 
Broadly construed, Biblical Archaeology in- 
cludes matters of geography; of climate and 
physical conformation; of animal and vege- 
table life ; of manners, customs, and industries ; 
of domestic, political, and religious institutions, 
and of arts and sciences. It treats of these 

31 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 

matters more especially in relation to the He- 
brew nation; but it falls within its province 
also to take account of the customs and insti- 
tutions of other peoples in so far as they in- 
fluenced Hebrew thought and life. In this 
view it would evidently need to award a con- 
siderable reference to the Egyptian, the Baby- 
lonian, the Assyrian, the Greek, and the 
Roman civilizations. 

3. It is the office of Canonics to set forth 
the facts relative to the formation of those 
collections of sacred books which we call the 
Old and the New Testament respectively; 
also to state principles which may enable us 
to judge whether any writing should be ex- 
cluded from these collections or any outside 
writing be admitted thereto. Practically the 
canon may be fixed on account of the indispo- 
sition of any considerable party to make a 
move either for excision or inclusion. But in 
point of theory Christian society has the per- 
petual right to review the canon and to take 
action upon the question of revising its limits. 
It is important that each generation by ex- 
penditure of judicial investigation should gain 
the basis of an intelligent conviction on the 
subject. 

4. Textual Criticism (otherwise described 

32 



EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 

as the Lower Criticism) attempts by a com- 
parison of the oldest manuscripts, by a review 
of citations in ancient authors, and by an ex- 
amination of ancient versions, to determine 
as far as possible the original text of the ca- 
nonical books. Its task is one which can be 
well executed only through immense patience 
and knowledge of details. 

Literary and Historical Criticism is occu- 
pied with the investigation of the Biblical 
books for the purpose of ascertaining as nearly 
as may be their authorship, their date, their 
relation to other writings, whether inside or 
outside the canon, the degree of their histor- 
ical trustworthiness, and the special stage 
which any one of them may represent in the 
development of Biblical religion. In contrast 
with Textual Criticism this order of investi- 
gation has been styled the "Higher Criticism." 
The terms "lower" and "higher" are not very 
happily chosen, but may be tolerated with the 
understanding that the one denotes the pri- 
mary stage of critical procedure, and the other 
is indicative of completing stages. In popular 
usage Higher Criticism is often made to stand 
for a special set of critical conclusions, promi- 
nent among which are the composite author- 
ship of the Pentateuch and the relatively late 

3 33 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

date of some of its principal constituents, the 
plural authorship of Isaiah, and the post- 
exilian origin of the Book of Daniel. But 
such usage is evidently counter to the demands 
of a precise terminology. Conclusions change. 
Critical procedure, on the other hand, is a 
constant demand of Biblical scholarship. It 
must perpetually be brought into requisition, 
whatever order of conclusions may be reached ; 
for sound intelligence will not consent to rest 
upon fiat or mere custom, but will ever main- 
tain its right and duty to examine into the 
grounds of that which is offered to its accept- 
ance. If distinctions must be made in view 
of the type of conclusions reached, it will suf- 
fice to put conservative criticism in contrast 
with radical or progressive criticism. To re- 
tain a consistent meaning for Higher Criti- 
cism it should be made to cover all scientific 
effort to form a true theory of the origin of 
the books of the Bible and of their place and 
significance severally in the unfoldment of the 
Biblical religion. 

Candor, reverence, a faculty for perspective, 
and judicial discrimination are prime demands 
for the Biblical critic. His path runs between 
sins of intemperate conservatism and sins of 
intemperate radicalism, and it is easy to swerve 

34 



EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 

to one side or the other. As for the student 
in process of forming his convictions, he needs 
to cultivate patience and openness of mind, 
avoiding at once a blind tenacity in holding 
on to old views and rashness in committing 
himself to new. If at any time he is tempted 
to be disturbed by the findings of criticism 
he should fortify his confidence by contem- 
plating the immeasurable wealth of ethical 
and religious truth in the Bible. "To theo- 
logical students,' ' says Philip Schaff, "I would 
give the advice as the best safeguard against 
skepticism to master first and last the contents 
of the Bible, and never to lose sight of its 
spiritual truths, which are immeasurably more 
important than all the questions of lower and 
higher criticism." (Theological Propaedeutic, 

P . i8 4 .) . 

5. Biblical Introduction is naturally men- 
tioned in close connection with Literary and 
Historical Criticism. The fruits of that criti- 
cism enter into its appropriate matter. Indeed, 
in characterizing the task of the one we have 
named the principal themes of the other. In- 
troduction falls into two main divisions, since 
there are points of description which apply to 
the Old Testament group of writings as a 
whole, and others that are pertinent to the 

35 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

New Testament. In the proper execution of 
its function it serves as a propaedeutic to the 
study of each Testament, and also of the indi- 
vidual books of each. The limits within 
which it should be confined are not very dis- 
tinctly marked; but evidently it can not deal 
at length with the subject-matter of the Bib- 
lical books without trenching on the province 
of other theological branches. 

6. Hermeneutics lays down the general 
principles which should govern interpretation. 
Among the foremost of these are the follow- 
ing : ( i ) Primary respect is to be paid to the 
meaning of the words in a given passage and 
to the grammatical construction. While some 
concession may be made to the idea of a typ- 
ical, mystical, or allegorical sense in the Scrip- 
ture, the demand should not be overlooked 
for great caution and discrimination in dealing 
with this element. (2) Interpretation should 
carefully regard the context, take note of par- 
allel passages, and make distinct account of 
the place which the given passage occupies in 
the progress of revelation. (3) Interpretation 
should have respect to the class of writings to 
which a given composition belongs, awarding 
due recognition to the presumption that the 
distinctive peculiarities of the class will ap- 

36 



EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 

pear with greater or less fullness in the indi- 
vidual specimen. (4) Interpretation should 
be sympathetic with the standpoint of an 
author, and should proceed on the basis of 
the best possible insight into his intellectual 
and emotional modes and his literary pecul- 
iarities. 

7. Exegesis utilizes the contributions of all 
the aforementioned branches in the great task 
of a detailed interpretation of the Bible. So 
large is the ground to be covered, and so great 
is the variety of literature in the Bible, that 
no one exegete is likely to be a competent mas- 
ter in the whole field. The well-qualified in- 
terpreter is the one who, after being schooled 
to a good degree in the whole Bible, has taken 
time and pains to make himself an expert on 
some particular portion. This fact affords an 
obvious rule for the selection of commentaries. 



37 



CHAPTER IV 
Historical Theology 

In its Biblical part Historical Theology in- 
cludes the following main divisions: Old Tes- 
tament History, the Life of Christ, the His- 
tory of the Apostolic Age, Biblical Theology 
of the Old Testament, and Biblical Theology 
of the New Testament. Etymologically con- 
sidered "Biblical Theology" might denote 
other than a historical branch. It might be 
taken as substantially identical with Biblical 
Dogmatics, and thus signify an organic or sys- 
tematized presentation of doctrine on the basis 
of inductions from the sum total of Biblical 
data. But in common usage Biblical The- 
ology has very decided historical associations. 
It is actually treated as the history of doctrine 
within Biblical limits, its object being to set 
forth the genesis of doctrine and its movement 
through the various stages which may be dis- 

38 



HISTORICAL THEOLOGY 

cerned in the Old and New Testaments re- 
spectively. 

The canons for the treatment of Biblical 
history are substantially the same as those for 
dealing with historical matters generally. It 
should be remembered, however, that it only 
harmonizes with the true historic method to 
acknowledge extraordinary elements in Bib- 
lical history, should good evidence appear for 
their reality. While positive dogmatic pre- 
suppositions are not to be read into the Bib- 
lical narratives, no more is matter to Be read 
out of those narratives on the score of negative 
dogmatic presuppositions, such as the non- 
occurrence of divine interventions in the 
course of human history. It is fair to ask the 
extraordinary or miraculous to give a good 
account of itself, and to submit to certain 
tests of credibility ; but to exclude it by a 
sweeping speculative dictum in no wise savors 
of historical method. To resort to sheer dog- 
matism on the one side or the other is doubt- 
less the easier course ; but the historic spirit is 
patient and shy of over-large conclusions. If 
it finds evidence of legendary accretions in 
the Bible it will accept the fact, but will not 
on that account stamp as unhistorical super- 
natural manifestations in general. It is not 

39 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 

to be overlooked that even a legend may serve 
to convey a religious lesson, and that a re- 
ligion which is solidly based in history may 
yet have a certain fringe of legendary repre- 
sentations in its sacred oracles. No one doubts 
that there is a real biography of Luther, even 
should it be concluded that the story of his 
ink-bottle salute to the devil and some other 
items may have a legendary cast. In like 
manner a sprinkling of legendary matter in 
some portions of the Bible would afford no 
valid occasion to doubt that the Bible con- 
tains a real history of the Kingdom of God in 
the world. 

The post-Biblical part of Historical The- 
ology falls into two main divisions, namely, 
General Church History and the History of 
Christian Doctrine. The latter, it is true, is 
not logically excluded from the former. Gen- 
eral Church History must give some account 
of doctrinal developments. But the subject- 
matter on the doctrinal side of Christian his- 
tory is so immense that its detailed treatment 
is very properly assigned to a distinct branch. 

How many subdivisions shall be made of 
General Church History is very largely an 
optional matter. In dealing with so wide an 
area it is of course easy to mark off many 

40 



HISTORICAL THEOLOGY 

provinces. One can devote special considera- 
tion to the earlier stages of Christian history 
under the name of the History of the Early 
Church, Patristics, Christian Archaeology, or 
Christian Antiquities — an enumeration in 
which the first term stands for the compre- 
hensive narrative; the second, for an account 
of the lives and writings of the fathers (usu- 
ally of the first six centuries) ; and the third 
and fourth, for a systematic presentation of 
monumental and documentary evidence on the 
art, institutions, rites, customs, and character- 
istic modes of thought and feeling in the early 
Christian community. Mediaeval and modern 
developments may in like manner be set apart 
for distinct treatment. Such themes as mis- 
sions, polity, discipline, worship, and art make 
suitable subjects for a special historical con- 
sideration. Statistical summaries which serve 
as an index of progress or decadence in re- 
ligion and morals serve also a good purpose. 
None of these themes should be excluded from 
the general treatise ; but it fulfills a useful end 
to supplement the general treatise with mono- 
graphs which attempt a minute representation 
of particular topics. 

In a judicious management of Church His- 
tory careful attention will be given to the 

4i 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

need of a just balance between the individual 
and the general, between the chronicle of 
events and the delineation of the inner life 
of the people. While the importance of get- 
ting at general laws and tendencies will not 
be overlooked, it will be recognized that the 
personal factor counts for not a little. While 
great public events and the transactions in 
high official station will not be neglected, due 
attention will be given to the fact that the 
genius of Christianity and the beneficent re- 
sults of its true enthronement are quite as well 
illustrated in less conspicuous lines — in the 
tenor of domestic life, in social amelioration, 
in the kind of moral leaven infused into litera- 
ture, and in the measure of practical endeavor 
to alleviate suffering and to promote every 
form of human well-being. 

In connection with the History of Christian 
Doctrine there is less occasion for subdivision 
than obtains in relation to General Church 
History. The most important subsidiary 
branch of the former passes under the name of 
Symbolics, by which is denoted the treatise on 
the creeds representative of different Christian 
communions. One may indeed treat the creeds 
of Christendom as a basis for dogmatic or 
polemical disquisition ; but primarily they are 

42 



HISTORICAL THEOLOGY 

matter for historical consideration. Symbolics 
finds its most appropriate place in association 
with the History of Christian Doctrine. 

Among the branches auxiliary to Histor- 
ical Theology may be mentioned the general 
histories of the nations which have served as 
the field of Christianity, and also the histories 
of the more important non-Christian religions. 
To the History of Christian Doctrine a spe- 
cially important auxiliary is the History of 
Philosophy. From its first days down to the 
present doctrinal construction has been to a 
noticeable extent implicated with philosophical 
speculation. 



43 



CHAPTER V 

Systematic Theology 

Systematic Theology has for its office the 
orderly presentation and justification of the 
whole body of teachings or beliefs which be- 
long to the Christian religion. Its principal 
divisions are Apologetics, Christian Dogmat- 
ics, and Christian Ethics. The second of these 
divisions, as being the central and most in- 
clusive branch of Systematic Theology, is 
sometimes presented under that name. Be- 
sides the divisions named, mention might be 
made of Biblical Dogmatics. But the demand 
for such a branch in addition to Biblical The- 
ology and Christian Dogmatics is scarcely im- 
perative ; for the former of these two presents 
ready means for estimating the tenor of Bib- 
lical teaching on all important lines of in- 
quiry, and the latter takes up all the data the 
Bible has to offer for the determination of 
dogmatic conclusions. If only a secondary de- 
mand exists for Biblical Dogmatics, still less 

44 






SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY 

clearly is it incumbent upon us to reserve a 
distinct place for Polemics and Irenics. Every 
well-devised apologetic or dogmatic treatise 
must be at once polemical and irenical, repuls- 
ing either directly or indirectly conclusions op- 
posite to those represented, and at the same 
time recognizing, in the spirit of candor, the 
points on which the favored system agrees 
with its rivals. Special junctures in religious 
history may indeed give fitting occasion to 
treatises predominantly polemical or predom- 
inantly irenical; but, in general, the theolog- 
ical curriculum is not to be regarded as suf- 
fering mutilation through the absence of such 
treatises. 

A well-rounded system of Christian Dog- 
matics unavoidably incorporates not a little of 
apologetic matter. In the preliminary por- 
tions the general premises on which the given 
system builds need to be justified, in order that 
the claims of the system, as understood by its 
framer, may be set in their proper light. Also, 
in the unfoldment of the system occasion will 
arise to substantiate this or that conclusion as 
being rational as well as Christian. At the 
same time, in consideration of the largeness 
of the matter which enters into the defense of 
the essential content of Christianity, a branch 

45 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 

devoted specifically to the office of that de- 
fense serves a good purpose. As the terms just 
used suggest, Apologetics in its general signifi- 
cation is confined to the defense of the essen- 
tial content of Christianity. Its work is to 
justify the Christian religion as a whole 
against anti-Christian and non-Christian ri- 
vals. An extended consideration of dogmatic 
details does not fall within its scope. 

Christian Dogmatics claims a wide basis. 
It builds its structure upon written revelation, 
but not exclusively. Any form of evidence 
which can serve to legitimate doctrinal convic- 
tion is to be regarded as lying within its ter- 
ritory. It accordingly puts the whole of re- 
ligious history, and especially of Christian his- 
tory, under contribution. It freely avails it- 
self also of scientific and philosophical data so 
far as they have any obvious bearing on its 
themes. While this much is to be claimed, 
it is to be acknowledged that there is occasion 
for considering what the law of due propor- 
tion requires as respects recourse to different 
fields of evidence c A system of Christian 
Dogmatics ought certainly to be permeated 
with the Biblical teaching. In the normal 
procedure historical and rational data will be 
employed rather to confirm and to supplement 

46 






SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY 

that teaching than to displace and to over- 
shadow the same. 

Stress is often placed upon the idea that 
Christian Dogmatics should bear a confessional 
character, that is, should reflect the doctrinal 
type of a particular Christian communion. 
Within limits this contention may be granted. 
The framer of a dogmatic system can not be 
expected to deny outright the prepossessions 
which belong to him as a member of a partic- 
ular communion. Moreover, the demands of 
good manners and of good fellowship require 
him to keep aloof from needless antagonisms. 
At the same time the higher allegiance of a 
man is due to truth. The Christian dogmatist 
normally makes it his supreme aim to give an 
unbiased exposition of the Christian system. 
Unmitigated confessionalism is not likely to 
promote the scientific construction of Chris- 
tian Doctrine. 

As respects arrangement of the main themes 
of Christian Dogmatics, there is little chance 
to improve on the general plan which has long 
claimed the preference. The best arrange- 
ment is that which follows most nearly the 
line of logical succession. In the proper order 
of thought God is the presupposition of man. 
Man, the sinner, is the presupposition of the 

47 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 

advent of the Savior and of His work of re- 
demption. This last is the presupposition of 
the realization of the kingdom of God in the 
individual and in the race. Accordingly 
after dealing, in an introductory division, with 
the grounds and sources of theology, we se- 
cure an appropriate order by making the prin- 
cipal themes to be, in succession, God, the 
Subjects of God's Moral Government, the 
Person and Work of Christ, and the Kingdom 
of Grace, or the Practical Realization of the 
Redemptive Purpose. The several divisions 
may be variously subdivided. The last-named 
includes not less than three great topics, 
namely, the Personal Appropriation of Salva- 
tion, Ecclesiology, and Eschatology. 

In dealing with men as subjects of moral 
government and as candidates for citizenship 
in a divine kingdom, Christian Dogmatics en- 
ters the ethical domain. It falls within its 
province to depict the moral ideals to which 
Christians individually and collectively are 
obligated. However, on account of the ex- 
tent of the field of ethical study, Christian 
Dogmatics may appropriately award thereto 
a somewhat general consideration, leaving the 
discussion of details to a special branch under 
the title of Christian Ethics. The term 

4 8 



SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY 

"Christian" in this title serves as a means of 
distinguishing this branch from Philosophical 
Ethics. The two have not a little in common. 
The main distinction is that Christian Ethics 
has a specific historic basis, and makes its in- 
ductions in the light of the personal perfection 
and the authoritative teaching of Jesus Christ ; 
while Philosophical Ethics obtains its stand- 
ards more largely by reasoning from the idea 
of man. Conformity with the spirit of Christ 
is the goal to which the former looks; realiza- 
tion of the idea of man is the goal which the 
latter sets forth. The two may be regarded 
as describing from different points of view the 
same ideal. 

As has been indicated, Systematic Theology 
has an important auxiliary in the Philosophy 
of Religion. The office of the latter is to 
ascertain, on the basis of the sum total of 
religious manifestations in the world, the 
grounds and nature of the religious principle, 
and the essential characteristics of religion at 
its best. In so far as the inductions arrived at 
in this way accord with Christian premises 
and ideals, the Philosophy of Religion is evi- 
dently fitted to serve as an ally of Christian 
Dogmatics, and also of Christian Apologetics 
and Ethics. 

4 49 



CHAPTER VI 

Practical Theology 

Proceeding on the ground of the character 
and aims of the Christian religion as eluci- 
dated by the preceding divisions, Practical 
Theology considers the appropriate means and 
methods of bringing that religion to actual su- 
premacy in the life of men. Its leading 
branches are Liturgies, Homiletics, and Pas- 
toral Theology. 

Liturgies treats not only of sacramental per- 
formances, but also of all those parts of the 
public worship which do not fall within the 
special domain of Homiletics. The ritual in 
which the congregation participates, the devo- 
tional reading of the Scriptures, public prayer, 
and the use of hymns and sacred music are 
themes which belong within its province. 
Furthermore, it treats of the order of exer- 
cises and the combination of factors best 

50 






PRACTICAL THEOLOGY 

adapted to give symmetry and perfection to 
the public service as a whole. 

The office of Homiletics is to set forth the 
principles of effective religious discourse. It 
is essentially the science of preaching. Accord- 
ing to the New Testament conception the spe- 
cial ambassador of Christ is eminently a 
prophet, a preacher, a minister of the Word. 
He is to be apt to teach. He is to know 
how to use the word of the Lord, so that in 
his' hands it may be a quick and powerful in- 
strument, as well as a means of healing and 
consolation. Homiletics aims to expound and 
to illustrate the conditions of this order of 
ministerial efficiency. It includes all princi- 
ples and rules which may legitimately govern 
the construction and delivery of sermons. 

Pastoral theology has to do with the work 
of the Christian minister as the shepherd of 
souls and the leader of religious society. 
Whatever pertains to the discreet fulfillment 
of the offices of religious counsel and consola- 
tion in relation to individuals and families 
falls within its scope. Equally it includes 
whatever bears upon the task of directing the 
organized efforts of a congregation or society 
on the various lines of religious and benevo- 
lent enterprise. 

51 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

A number of branches may be specified 
which are subordinate to Pastoral Theology, 
or at least closely allied therewith. One of 
these grows out of the office of the Christian 
shepherd to bring the young into the fold 
of Christ, or more generally speaking, to pre- 
pare the immature, by instruction suited to 
their capacity, for taking upon themselves the 
responsibilities of the Christian profession. 
Corresponding to this function is the branch 
which bears the name of Catechetics. This 
has for its province the principles and rules 
which should govern the initial forms of re- 
ligious tuition. Its successful treatment re- 
quires a keen understanding of the mental 
needs of the child, a sympathetic recognition 
of his limitations, and a ready apprehension of 
those ways of presenting truth which best 
minister to healthy feeling. In short, it takes 
considerable of an artist in religion to devise 
or to execute in ideal shape a catechetical 
scheme. No pastor should regard this task 
as belonging to an inferior range of ministe- 
rial activity. To get down among the chil- 
dren and to utilize the power of a genial and 
sympathetic intimacy with them for leading 
them into the ways of religion, will tax one's 
genius and skill quite as much as the effort to 

52 



PRACTICAL THEOLOGY 

soar into the highest realms of religious think- 
ing. 

Pastoral leadership implies evidently a con- 
siderable knowledge of ecclesiastical polity 
and discipline. At least the pastor can not 
with any propriety fail of a good acquaintance 
with the system of polity and discipline which 
obtains in his own communion ; and of course 
an intelligent understanding of one system is 
furthered by a study of related and opposing 
systems. There is room, therefore, under 
Pastoral Theology- for a branch which treats 
of Ecclesiastical Polity and Ecclesiastical Dis- 
cipline (or Church Law), so far as is needful 
to promote intelligent administration. 

As Christian enterprise transcends a local 
outlook, and makes nothing less than the 
world its field, the pastor and his congregation 
must take account of their relation to the 
wider sphere of evangelization. A place 
therefore is fitly provided in Practical The- 
ology for a branch which treats of the obli- 
gations and methods of missionary labor. It 
might be termed the Theory of Missionary 
Work. 

In recent years much has been said on the 
need of utilizing religion in the direction of 
social amelioration. The conviction has 

53 



THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

gained ground that the religious teacher 
should investigate the great problems of the 
day relative to the temporal and moral con- 
ditions of the masses, and should be ready to 
apply to these problems such means of solu- 
tion as are contained, implicitly or explicitly, 
in the Gospel teaching. Not a little may be 
conceded to this conviction. A question may 
indeed be raised as to what extent sociological 
study should be recognized in a theological 
curriculum. A full discussion of purely eco- 
nomic questions evidently has small claim to 
admission. But the viewpoint of Christian 
ethics is legitimately applied to all the rela- 
tions of mari with man. There is, therefore, 
a place in Practical Theology for a branch 
which aims not only to throw light on the 
proper ministration of charities, but also to 
serve as a guide to the pastor in his relation 
to other, problems of a sociological order. 
Such a branch might be entitled Christian 
Sociology. 



54 



ITERATURE 



First Main Division 
i 

Brown, Driver, Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexi- 
con of the Old Testament. 

A. S. Geden, Outlines of Introduction to the He- 
brew Bible. 

J. H. Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon. 

H. G. Mitchell, Hebrew Lessons. A Book for Be- 
ginners. 

W. R. Harper, Elements of Hebrew Syntax. 

G. B. Winer* Grammar of New Testament Greek, 
with additions by W. F. Moulton. 

A. T. Robertson, A Short Grammar of the Greek 
New Testament. 

II 

James Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible; 5 vols.; 
also a one-volume Dictionary. 

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Reli- 
gious Knowledge; 12 vols. 

S. R. Driver, Modern Research as Illustrating the 
Old Testament. 

F. J. Bliss, The Development of Palestine Explora- 
tion. 

G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy 
Land. 

57 



LITERATURE 
in 

H. E. Ryle, Canon of the Old Testament. 

F. Buhl, Canon and Text of the Old Testament. 

B. F. Westcott, A General Survey of the History 
of the Canon of the New Testament. 

C. R. Gregory, Canon and Text of the New Testa- 
ment. 

IV 

J. E. McFadyen, Old Testament Criticism and the 
Christian Church. 

G. A. Smith, Modern Criticism and the Preaching 
of the Old Testament. 

James Orr, The Problem of the Old Testament. 

H. S. Nash, The History of the Higher Criticism of 
the New Testament. 

J. C. Hawkins, Hora? Synopticae. 

V. H. Stanton, The Gospels as Historical Docu- 
ments; 2 vols. 

W. Sanday, Criticism of the Fourth Gospel. 

J. Drum mono, The Character and Authorship of 
the Fourth Gospel. 

Adolph Harnack, Luke the Physician. 



S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the 
Old Testament. 

J. E. McFadyen, An Introduction to the Old Testa- 
ment. 

Bennett and Adeney, A Biblical Introduction. 

A. S. Peake, A Critical Introduction to the New 
Testament. 



58 



LITERATURE 

A. Juelicher, Introduction to the New Testament. 

B. Weiss, A Manual of Introduction to the New 
Testament; 2 vols. 

Th. Zahn, Introduction to the New Testament; 3 

vols., Eng. Trans. 
G. Dalman, The Words of Jesus Considered in the 

Light of Post-Biblical Jewish Writings and the 

Aramaic Language. 

VI 

F. W. Farrar, History of Interpretation. 

C. A. Briggs, Study of Holy Scripture. 
M. S. Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics. 

G. H. Gilbert, The Interpretation of the Bible. 

VII 

Briggs, Driver, Plummer (Editors), The Interna- 
tional Critical Commentary of the Holy Scrip- 
tures of the Old and New Testaments. 

The Expositor's Greek Testament; 5 vols. 

W. F. Adeney (Editor), The New Century Bible. 

Walter Lock (Editor), Westminster Commenta- 
ries. 

H. A. W. Meyer (Editor), Commentary on the 
New Testament; 11 vols. 

D. A. Whedon, Commentary on the New Testa- 
ment; 5 vols. 



F. C. Eiselen, The Minor Prophets. 

B. F. Westcott, The Gospel According to St. John. 

The Epistles of St. John. 

The Epistle to the Hebrews. 

59 



LITERATURE 

J. B. LlGHTFOOT, St. Paul's Epistles to the Galatians, 
the Philippians, the Colossians, and Philemon. 

J. B. Mayor, The Epistle of St. James. 

M. S. Terry, Apocalyptics. 

H. B. Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John. 

W. Ramsay, The Letters to the Seven Churches of 
Asia. 



Second Main Division 
i 

R. L. Ottley, A Short History of the Hebrews. 
C. F. Kent, The Historical Bible; 6 vols. 

II 

Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus 

the Messiah. 
F. W. Farrar, The Life of Christ. 
W. Sanday, Outlines of a Life of Christ. 
Rush Rhees, The Life of Jesus of Nazareth. 
A. E. Garvie, Studies in the Inner Life of Jesus. 
C. E. Jefferson, The Character of Jesus. 
Carl Ullmann, The Sinlessness of Jesus. 

Ill 

Philip Schaff, Apostolic Christianity (Vol. I of his 
History of the Christian Church). 

J. H. Ropes, The Apostolic Age in the Light of 
Modern Criticism. 

A. McGiffert, History of Christianity in the Apos- 
tolic Age. 

60 



LITERATURE 

J. V. Bartlett, The Apostolic Age, Its Life, Doc- 
trine, Worship, and Polity. 

C. Weizsacker, Apostolic Age of the Christian 
Church; 2 vols. 

IV 

Conybeare and Howson, Life and Epistles of St. 

Paul; 2 vols. 
W. Ramsay, St. Paul, the Traveler and Roman 

Citizen. 
H. Weinel, St. Paul, the Man and His Work. 



Hermann Schultz, Old Testament Theology; 2 
vols. 

W. H. Bennett, The Theology of the Old Testa- 
ment. 

A. B. Davidson, The Theology of the Old Testa- 
ment. 
Old Testament Prophecy. 

C. H. Cornill, The Prophets of Israel. 

E. Riehm, Messianic Prophecy. 

C. A. Briggs, Messianic Prophecy. 

VI 

W. Fairweather, The Background of the Gospels; 
or, Judaism in the Period between the Old and 
New Testaments. 

G. B. Stevens, The Theology of the New Testa- 
ment. 

W. Beyschlag, New Testament Theology; 2 vols. 

H. C. Sheldon, New Testament Theology. 

A. Robertson, Regnum Dei. 

61 



LITERATURE 

A. B. Bruce, The Kingdom of God. 

St. Paul's Conception of Christianity. 
A. B. D. Alexander, The Ethics of St. Paul. 
W. P. Dickson, St. Paul's Use of the Terms Flesh 

and Spirit. 

VII 

Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church; 
7 vols. (Vol. V is in two parts; Vol. VII ends 
with the Swiss Reformation.) 

H. C. Sheldon, History of the Christian Church. 
Vol. I, The Early Church; Vol. II, the Medi- 
aeval Church; Vols. III-V, the Modern Church. 

J. A. Moeller, History of the Christian Church; 
3 vols. 

A. H. Newman, Manual of Church History; z vols. 

W. F. Adeney, The Greek and Eastern Churches. 

VIII 

Adolf Harnack, The Mission and Expansion of 
Christianity in the First Three Centuries; z vols. 
The Constitution and Law of the Church in the 
First Two Centuries. 

Charles Bigg, The Church's Task Under the Ro- 
man Empire. 

Ernst von Dobschuetz, Christian Life in the Prim- 
itive Church. 

T. M. Lindsay, The Church and the Ministry in 
the Early Centuries. 

E. Hatch, The Organization of Early Christian 
Churches. 

James Heron, The Church of the Sub- Apostolic 
Age. 

62 



LITERATURE 

W. Bright, The Roman See in the Early Church. 

F. W. Puller, The Primitive Saints and the See 
of Rome. 

IX 

H. B. Swete, Patristic Study. 

W. Bright, The Age of the Fathers. 

Ante-Nicene Christian Library (Clark, Edin- 
burgh), 25 vols. 

Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene 
Fathers of the Christian Church (Edited by 
Schaff and Wace), two series, of 14 vols. each. 

X 

Smith and Cheetham, Dictionary of Christian An- 
tiquities; 2 vols. 
C. W. Bennett, Christian Archaeology. 
W. Lowrie, Monuments of the Early Church. 

XI 

H. H. Milman, History of Latin Christianity; 8 
vols. 

G. Krueger, The Rise of the Papacy. 

F. A. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in 

the Middle Ages; 8 vols. 
L. Pastor, History of the Popes from the Close of 

the Middle Ages; 10 vols. 
H. C. Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle 

Ages; 3 vols. 

History of the Spanish Inquisition; 4 vols. 
William Muir, The Caliphate; Its Rise, Decline, 

and Fall 

63 



LITERATURE 

G. V. Lechler, John Wycliffe and His English Pre- 
cursors. 
J. Loserth, Wiclif and Hus. 
A. H, Wratislaw, John Hus. 



XII 

J. Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Period of 
the Renaissance in Italy. 

Paul Van Dyke, The Age of the Renaissance. 

The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. I, The Re- 
naissance (by various writers). 



XIII 

T. M. Lindsay, A History of the Reformation; 2 
vols. 

G. P. Fisher, The Reformation. 

G. W. Child, Church and State under the Tudors. 

J. Koestlin, Life of Luther. 

W. Walker, John Calvin, the Organizer of Re- 
formed Protestantism. 

A. Lang, John Knox and the Reformation. 

H. M. Baird, History of the Rise of the Huguenots ; 
2 vols. 

S. R. Gardiner, The First Two Stuarts and the 
Puritan Revolution. 

John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England. 

A. W. Ward, The Counter Reformation. 

F. L. Ranke, History of the Popes, Their Church 
and State in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Cen- 
turies. 



64 



LITERATURE 

XIV 

J. F. Hurst, History of Methodism (illustrated) ; 

7 vols. 
Abel Stevens, History of Methodism; 3 vols. 

History of the Methodist Episcopal Church; 4 

vols. 
The Journal of John Wesley, Standard Edition; 

6 vols. 
L. Tyerman, Life and Times of John Wesley; 3 

vols. 

C. T. Winchester, The Life of Wesley. 

J. J. Tigert, A Constitutional History of American 
Episcopal Methodism. 

T. B. Neely, The Governing Conference in Metho- 
dism. 

XV 

D. Dorchester, Christianity in the United States. 
American Church History Series (Edited by 

Schaff and others) ; 13 vols. 

XVI 

H. C. Sheldon, Sacerdotalism in the Nineteenth 

Century. A Critical History. 
F. Nielsen, History of the Papacy in the Nineteenth 

Century; 2 vols. 
J. J. I. von Doellinger, The Pope and the Council 

(issued primarily on the eve of the Vatican 

Council under the name of "Janus"). 

Declarations and Letters on the Vatican Decrees. 
Samuel Hall, A Short History of the Oxford 

Movement. 
J. H. Overton, The Anglican Revival. 

5 65 



LITERATURE 

R. H. Hutton, Life of J. H. Newman. 

H. P. Liddon, Life of Pusey; 4 vols. 

Wilfrid Ward, W. G, Ward and the Oxford 

Movement. 
Walter Walsh, The Secret History of the Oxford 

Movement. 

History of the Romeward Movement in the 

Church of England. 

XVII 

E. L. Cutts, History of Early Christian Art. 

Anna B. Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art; 2 
vols. 

J. Fergusson, A History of Architecture in All 
Countries; 5 vols. 

G. G. Scott, The Rise and Development of Medi- 
aeval Architecture. 

W. A. Martin, A Manual of Ecclesiastical Archi- 
tecture. 

Woltmann. and Woermann, History of Ancient, 
Early Christian, and Mediaeval Painting; 2 vols. 

R. Muther, The History of Painting from the 
Fourth to the Early Nineteenth Century; 2 vols. 

XVIII 

Dwight, Tupper, Bliss (Editors), The Encyclo- 
paedia of Missions. 

J. S. Dennis, Christian Missions and Social Prog- 
ress; 3 vols. 

H. P. Beach, Geography and Atlas of Protestant 
Missions. 

J. R. Mott, The Decisive Hour of Christian Mis- 
sions. 

66 



LITERATURE 

J. W. Bashford, God's Missionary Plan for the 

World. 
R. E. Speer, Missionary Principles, and Practice. 
R. A. Hume, Missions from the Modern View. 

XIX 

Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma; 7 vols. 

R. Seeberg, History of Doctrine; 2 vols. 

H. C. Sheldon, History of Christian Doctrine, 4th 

edition; 2 vols. 
G. P. Fisher, History of Doctrine. 
J. A. Dorner, History of the Doctrine of the Person 

of Christ; 5 vols. 
F. Lichtenberger, History of German Theology in 

the Nineteenth Century. 
Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom; 3 vols. 



Third Main Division 
1 

G. P. Fisher, The Grounds of Theistic and Chris- 
tian Belief. 

H. C. Sheldon, Unbelief in the Nineteenth Century. 

C. W. Rishell, The Foundations of the Christian 
Faith. 

L. F. Stearns, The Evidence of Christian Experi- 
ence. 

F. J. McConnell, Religious Certainty. 

E. A. Edghill, An Enquiry into the Evidential 
Value of Prophecy. 

James Denney, Jesus and the Gospel. 

67 



LITERATURE 






R. J. Knowling, The Testimony of St. Paul to 

Christ. 
James Orr, The Virgin Birth of Christ. 

The Resurrection of Jesus. 
R. J. Cooke, The Incarnation and Recent Criticism. 

II 

J. A. Dorner, System of Christian Doctrine; 4 vols. 

H. Martensen, Christian Dogmatics. 

O. A. Curtis, The Christian Faith. 

H. C. Sheldon, System of Christian Doctrine. 

W. A. Brown, Christian Theology in Outline. 

W. N. Clarke, Outline of Christian Theology. 

M. S. Terry, Biblical Dogmatics. 

Ill 

C. M. Mead, Supernatural Revelation. 

Marcus Dods, The Bible, Its Origin and Nature. 

B. P. Bowne, Philosophy of Theism. 
Robert Flint, Theism. 
Andrew Seth, Two Lectures on Theism. 
James Iverach, Theism in the Light of Present Sci- 
ence and Philosophy. 

Horace Bushnell, Nature and the Supernatural. 
James Orr, The Christian View of God and the 
World. 

J. S. Lidgett, The Fatherhood of God. 
H. P. Liddon, The Divinity of Our Lord and Sav- 
iour Jesus Christ. 

68 



LITERATURE 

George Smeaton, The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit. 
H. B. Swete, The Holy Spirit in the New Testa- 
ment. 

Julius Mueller, The Christian Doctrine of Sin; 
2 vols. 

F. R. Tennant, The Sources of the Doctrines of 
the Fall and Original Sin. 

W. Sanday, Christologies Ancient and Modern. 

G. A. Gordon, The Christ of To-Day. 

A. M. Fairbairn, The Place of Christ in Modern 

Theology. 
P. T. Forsyth, The Person and Place of Jesus 

Christ. 
A. B. Bruce, The Humiliation of Christ. 

F. J. Hall, The Kenotic Theory. 

J. S. Lidgett, The Spiritual Principle of the Atone- 
ment. 

Horace Bushnell, The Vicarious Sacrifice. 
Forgiveness and Law. 

W. P. Du Bose, The Soteriology of the New Testa- 
ment. 

James Denney, The Place of Christ's Death in the 
New Testament. 

G. B. Stevens, The Christian Doctrine of Salvation. 
W. F. Tillett, Personal Salvation. 

J. A. Beet, The New Life in Christ. 
S. M. Merrill, Doctrinal Aspects of Christian Ex- 
perience. 
Austin Phelps, The New Birth. 

69 



LITERATURE 

H. W. Clark, The Philosophy of Christian Experi- 
ence. 

G. A. Coe, The Spiritual Life. 

W. James, The Varieties of Religious Experience. 

H. C. King, The Seeming Unreality of the Spiritual 
Life. 

Daniel Steele, Love Enthroned. 

James Mudge, Growth in Holiness Toward Per- 
fection. 

A. P. Stanley, Christian Institutions. 

A. V. G. Allen, Christian Institutions. 

J. C. Lambert, The Sacraments of the New Testa- 
ment. 

G. A. Jacob, The Ecclesiastical Polity of the New 
Testament. 

E. C. Dargan, Ecclesiology, A Study of the 
Churches. 

W. Lowrie, The Church and Its Organization. 

G. Salmon, The Infallibility of the Church. 

S. D. F. Salmond, The Christian Doctrine of Im- 
mortality. 

J. A. Beet, The Last Things. 

H. A. A. Kennedy, St. Paul's Conceptions of the 
Last Things. 

IV 

Newman Smyth, Christian Ethics. 
James Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory; 2 
vols. 

B. P. Bowne, Principles of Ethics. 
James Seth, Studies in Ethical Principles. 

70 



LITERATURE 

T. C. Hall, History of Ethics within Organized 
Christianity. 

V 

G. T. Ladd, The Philosophy of Religion; 2 vols. 
Harold Hoeffding, The Philosophy of Religion. 
C. P. Tiele, Elements of the Science of Religion. 
A. Lang, The Making of Religion. 

, VI 

The Sacred Books of the East (Edited by F. Max 
Mueller), 49 vols. 

M. Jastrow, The Study of Religion. 

F. B. Jevons, Introduction to the History of Re- 
ligions. 

James Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and 
Ethics. 

A. Menzies, History of Religion. 

K. Marti, The Religion of the Old Testament. 

M. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and As- 
syria. 

R. W. Rogers, The Religion of Babylonia and As- 
syria. 

A. H. Sayce, The Religions of Ancient Egypt and 
Babylonia. 

A.. V. W. Jackson, The Prophet of Ancient Iran. 

E. W. Hopkins, The Religions of India. 

James Adam, The Religious Teachers of Greece 

H. Hackmann, Buddhism as a Religion. 

James Legge, The Religions of China. 

J. J. M. De Groot, The Religion of the Chinese. 

John Ross, The Original Religion of China. 

W. E. Griffis, The Religions of Japan. 

71 



LITERATURE 

P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, The Religion of 

the Teutons. 
D. S. Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise of 

Islam. 
J. J. Pool, Studies in Mohammedanism. 
Zwemer, Wherry, Barton (Editors), The Moham- 
medan World of To-Day. 



Fourth Main Division 

i 

F. E. Warren, The Liturgy and Ritual of the 
Ante-Nicene Church. 

L. Duchesne, Christian Worship, a Study of the 
Latin Liturgy up to the Time of Charlemagne. 

W. H. Frere, The Principles of Religious Cere- 
monial. 

R. J. Cooke, History of the Ritual of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church. 

J. M. Neale, Hymns of the Eastern Church. 

R. C. Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry. 

John Julian (Editor), A Dictionary of Hymnol- 

ogy- 

E. S. Lorenz, Practical Church Music. 



II 

E. C. Dargan, A History of Preaching. 
Austin Phelps, The Theory of Preaching. Lec- 
tures on Homiletics. 
Phillips Brooks, Lectures on Preaching. 



72 



LITERATURE 
III 

P. Fairbairn, Pastoral Theology. 
W. Gladden, The Christian Pastor. 
Herrick Johnson, The Ideal Ministry. 
C. F. Reisner, Workable Plans for Wide-Awake 
Churches. 

IV 

G. A. Coe, Education in Religion and Morals. 

C. W. Rishell, The Child as God's Child. 

H. C. Trumbull, The Sunday School: Its Origin, 

Methods, and Auxiliaries. 
Burton and Mathews, Principles and Ideals for 

the Sunday School. 
M. Lawrance, How to Conduct a Sunday School. 



Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church. 

Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church, South. 

W. L. Harris, Treatise on Ecclesiastical Law. 

S. M. Merrill, A Digest of Methodist Law. 

G. M. Boynton, The Congregational Way. 

The Constitution of the Presbyterian Church 
in the United States of America. 

E. L. Cutts, A Handy Book of the Church of Eng- 
land. 

Constitution and Canons for the Government 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
United States. 

S. B. Smith (R. C), Elements of Ecclesiastical 
Law; 3 vols. 

73 



LITERATURE 

VI 

J. S. Mackenzie, An Introduction to Social Phi- 
losophy. 
T. N. Carver, Sociology and Social Progress. 

E. A. Ross, Social Psychology. 

F. G. Peabody, The Approach to the Social Ques- 
tion. 

W. Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social 
Crisis. 

W. S. Bruce, Social Aspects of Christian Morality. 

T. C. Hall, Social Solutions in the Light of Chris- 
tian Ethics. 

C. R. Brown, The Social Message of the Modern 
Pulpit. 

Samuel Plantz, The Church and the Social Prob- 
lem. 

E. L. Earp, Social Aspects of Religious Institutions. 

C. S. Lock, Charity and the Social Life. 

D. Dorchester, The Liquor Problem in All Ages. 
J. M. Barker, The Saloon Problem and Social Re- 
form. 

C. Roads, Rural Christendom, or the Problem of 
Christianizing Country Communities. 



MISCELLANEOUS TITLES 






James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance to the 

Bible. 
Robert Young, Analytical Concordance to the 

Bible. 
A. T. Clay, Light on the Old Testament from 

Babel. 
W. F. Warren, The Earliest Cosmologies. 



74 






LITERATURE 

James Moffatt, The Historical New Testament. 
James Hastings (Editor), Dictionary of Christ and 

the Gospels; 2 vols. 
Catholic Encyclopaedia (Edited by C. G. Herber- 

mann and others) ; 15 vols. 
A. W. Wishart, Short History of Monks and Mon- 
asteries. 
C. F. deT. Montalembert, The Monks of the 

West; 6 vols. (Edition of 1896.) 
H. C. Lea, History of Sacerdotal Celibacy; 2 vols. 

History of Confession and Indulgences ; 3 vols. 
W. C. Cartwright, Constitution and Teaching of 

the Jesuits. 
F. Parkman, The Jesuits in North America. 
E. L. Taunton, History of the Jesuits in England. 
Paul Sabatier, Modernism. 

George Tyrrell, Medievalism, A Reply to Cardi- 
nal Mercier. 
A. Loisy, The Gospel and the Church. 
A. Le Roy Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and 

the Russians; 3 vols. 
H. F. Henderson, The Religious Controversies of 

Scotland. 
R. C. Reed, History of the Presbyterian Churches of 

the World. 
H. C. Vedder, A Short History of the Baptists. 
J. L. Neve, A Brief History of the Lutheran Church 

in America. 
Georgine Milmine, The Life of Mary Baker G. 

Eddy and The History of Christian Science. 
L. P. Powell, Christian Science, the Faith and Its 

Founder. 
W. A. Linn, The Story of the Mormons. 
James Ward, Naturalism and Agnosticism; 2 vols. 

75 



LITERATURE 

Robert Flint, Anti-Theistic Theories. 

B. P. Bowne, Personalism. 

J. Royce, The Philosophy of Loyalty. 

G. J. Blewett, The Study of Nature and the Vision 
of God. 

G. J. Romanes, Darwin and After Darwin; 3 vols. 

A. R. Wallace, Darwinism. 

Joseph Le Conte, Evolution: Its Nature, Its Evi- 
dences, and Its Relation to Religious Thought. 

Henry Drummond, The Ascent of Man. 



Note. — It should be observed that The Interna- 
tional Critical Commentary, The New Century Bi- 
ble, The Westminster Commentaries, the New 
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, the Catholic Encyclo- 
paedia, the Encyclpaedia of Religion and Ethics, and 
the Standard Edition of Wesley's Journal are in 
process of publication at the date of writing (Jan- 
uary, 1911). 



76 



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